![]() These numbers have dropped from 1990, when HAP accounted for 8% of all deaths and 6% of all DALYS reported. In 2016, an estimated 60,835 deaths (4% of all deaths) and 33.7 million lost disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (2.5% of all DALYs) due to ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections were attributed to HAP ( IHME, 2017). Household air pollution (HAP) from daily use of solid fuels is an important contributor to mortality and morbidity in Indonesia. It is classified as a lower-middle income country with GDP per capita of US$3,570 and an urban population of 55% ( World Bank, 2017). ![]() Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago and the fourth largest country, with over 260 million inhabitants in 2016.
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